Annan appeals for peace in Sudan
UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan appealed to all parties in Sudan on Thursday to immediately cease hostilities and stop all attacks against civilians.
In a statement released by his spokesman, Annan said he is deeply concerned about the worsening security situation in Darfur and its consequences for the wider region, including Chad and the Central African Republic.
He appealed to all parties in the strongest terms to immediately cease hostilities and stop all attacks against civilians.
"Those violating international humanitarian law by attacking civilians and relief workers must be held accountable," he stressed.
Annan called upon the Sudanese government to reestablish law and order in the areas under its control, and called on all parties to ensure unimpeded humanitarian access to all those in need.
"The United Nations and the African Union stand ready to provide co-mediation and to extend all necessary support to the urgently needed Darfur-Darfur Dialogue and Consultation," he added.
Source: Xinhua
http://english.people.com.cn/200612/08/eng20061208_329919.html
Hostages 'unconditionally' forgive captors
PA
Published: 08 December 2006
Freed Iraq hostage Norman Kember and two other men held with him today announced that they "unconditionally" forgave their captors and wished them no "retribution".
The peace campaigner, along with his two colleagues and fellow hostages James Loney and Harmeet Singh Sooden, also said they wanted "all possible leniency" shown to the men accused of the crime if they are convicted.
But the three peace campaigners, holding the press conference in London, have still to decide if they will give evidence at the men's trial, set for next year in Iraq's Central Criminal Court.
The joint statement comes after police approached Mr Kember and the other two men and asked if they would give evidence in the court case.
In the statement, the campaigners said: "We unconditionally forgive our captors for abducting and holding us. We have no desire to punish them. Punishment can never restore what was taken from us.
"What our captors did was wrong. They caused us, our families and our friends great suffering.
"Yet we bear no malice towards them and have no wish for retribution.
"Should those who have been charged with holding us hostage be brought to trial and convicted, we ask that they be granted all possible leniency. We categorically lay aside any rights we may have over them."
As kidnapping is a capital offence in Iraq, it is understood the alleged captors could face the death penalty.
It is thought the three campaigners are only likely to give evidence at the trial if they can achieve clemency for the men.
Mr Loney said: "We do not have enough information at this stage to make a decision as to whether we are going to testify or not."
Today is the first time the three men have met up since they were released in March and the meeting has been arranged exactly a year after the captors threatened to kill the hostages unless their demands were met.
Retired Mr Kember was seized during a peace mission to Baghdad, Iraq, on November 26 last year and held for 118 days.
The peace activist was freed on March 23 in a multi-national military operation involving the SAS and other forces.
Mr Kember, 74, from Pinner, north west London, had been visiting the country with Christian Peacemaker Teams, a Canada-based international peace group, and taken hostage with three fellow peace campaigners.
The other men were Canadians Mr Loney and Mr Sooden, and an American, Tom Fox.
Mr Fox was found shot dead in Baghdad in March in the affluent Mansour district.
During today's meeting at St Ethelburga's Centre for Reconciliation in London, Mr Kember and his colleagues said they were "immensely sad" that Mr Fox was not with them.
They added: "It was on this day a year ago that our captors threatened to execute us unless their demands were met.
"This ultimatum, unknown to us at the time, was a source of extreme distress for our families, friends and colleagues.
"We understand a number of men alleged to be our captors have been apprehended, charged with kidnapping, and are facing trial in the Central Criminal Court of Iraq.
"We have been asked by the police in our respective countries to testify in the trial.
"After much reflection upon our traditions, both Sikh and Christian, we are issuing this statement today."
They said the "catastrophic" violence in Iraq was " inextricably linked" to the US-led invasion and occupation.
"As for many others, the actions of our kidnappers were part of a cycle of violence they themselves experienced.
"While this is no way justifies what the men charged with our kidnapping are alleged to have done, we feel this must be considered in any potential judgment," they said.
The statement added that the campaigners "categorically" opposed the death penalty.
They said: "Kidnapping is a capital offence in Iraq and we understand that some of our captors could be sentenced to death.
"The death penalty is an irrevocable judgment. It erases all possibility that those who have harmed others, even seriously, can yet turn to good. We oppose the death penalty."
Mr Kember said the only way he would testify would be to plead for mercy.
He told the press conference: "If it was necessary to take part in a trial to plead for clemency and that was the only way we could come to it, then we would take part, but that would be the only reason to take part."
Neither he or his fellow hostages have seen photographs gathered as evidence against their captors although they know they exist.
Police had offered them a photograph identity parade.
But Mr Kember claimed there is plenty of forensic evidence.
He said: "There is other evidence. There was a fair amount of forensic evidence in the house when we left.
"When I got to the US hospital they stripped me of all my clothes and said that you could get fingerprints off clothes."
Asked if he had been naive to go into the heart of a war zone, Mr Kember replied: "Yes we were naive if Jesus was naive, if Martin Luther King was naive, if Gandhi was naive."
The former hostages said their murdered colleague, Mr Fox, was not far from their thoughts but they could not speak for his family as to whether they agreed with their position against giving evidence.
Suggesting that Mr Fox would have approved, Mr Loney said: "Tom was very clear about his opposition to the death penalty.
"He signed a statement saying that if he was to be murdered that he would not want his murder to be revenged with the death penalty."
Mr Kember praised him as "the most compassionate of the four of us".
He said: "From time to time we would hear explosions, obviously a bomb had been let off in Baghdad. Tom would immediately pray for both the victims and the perpetrator."
The captors stressed their hope that one day some good will come from their ordeal.
In the statement they said: "By this commitment to forgiveness we hope to plant a seed that one day will bear the fruit of healing and reconciliation for us, our captors, the people of Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States and, most of all, Iraq.
"We look forward to the day when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is respected by all the world's people."
The declaration was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948 as a way to try and speak out for those whose human dignity is being violated by torture, arbitrary imprisonment, poverty, racism, oppression or war.
http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article2056358.ece
Journalists being jailed for internet articles
08/12/2006 - 07:06:45
Nearly one third of journalists now serving time in prisons around the world published their work on the internet, the second-largest category behind print journalists, the US committee to protect journalists said today.
The bulk of internet journalists in jail – 49 in total – shows that “authoritarian states are becoming more determined to control the internet,” said Joel Simon, the New York-based group’s executive director.
“It wasn’t so long ago that people were talking about the internet as a new medium that could never be controlled,” he said, adding: “The reality is that governments are now recognising they need to control the internet to control information.”
When Iranian journalist Mojtaba Saminejad was sentenced to two years in prison for insulting his country’s leader, it was not for an article that appeared in a newspaper. His offending story was posted on his personal weblog.
Other noteworthy imprisoned internet journalists include US video blogger Joshua Wolf, who refused to give a grand jury his footage of a 2005 protest against a G-8 economic summit, and China's Shi Tao, who is serving a 10-year sentence for posting online instructions by the government on how to cover the anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown.
http://breakingnews.iol.ie/news/story.asp?j=203656290&p=zx3656996
New Guantanamo prison condemned
The new 178-cell facility is designed to further restrict and isolate prisoners
Human Rights Watch has renewed its calls for the Guantanamo Bay detention facility to be shut down as inmates were being moved to a new maximum-security jail there.
Human rights groups and foreign governments have repeatedly called for the US prison's closure.
But 42 detainees have been moved to a newly-opened $37m facility at the Cuban jail.
Tom Porteous, London director of Human Rights Watch, told Al Jazeera.net such facilities at Guantanamo Bay were "wrong and counter productive".
He said: "These facilities are a stain on the reputation of the US and undermine its international standing."
He said: "Allies of the US clearly believe that Guantanamo is doing the US's reputation a great deal of damage.
"It actually makes it more difficult for them to pursue an effective counter-terrorism strategy."
Prisoners isolated
The concrete-and-steel facility was originally designed as a medium-security prison.
Detainees confined in individual cells will now look out through long, narrow windows on areas with metal tables and stools that were originally intended to be shared living spaces, but which will now be off-limits.
Shower doors have been redesigned so prisoners' hands and feet can be shackled by guards before they leave the stalls.
"Anti-jump" fencing has also been installed along catwalks.
An open-air recreation area has been divided into smaller spaces, which will hold only one detainee at a time.
Guantanamo officials say the 178-cell facility aims to isolate prisoners and reduce their ability to communicate with each other.
Kris Winter, a US Navy commander, said the the modifications will help to protect guards following a clash between detainees and guards in May.
Navy commander Robert Durand said: "The new, climate-controlled camp is designed to improve life for both detainees and the guard force."
Human rights organisations have said that "prolonged periods of isolation constitute cruel and inhumane treatment".
Those in maximum-security facilities are limited to 30 minutes of outdoor exercise time twice a week.
Condemnation
Since prison facilities at Guantanamo Bay were first established, in 2001, the US has faced calls for the camp's closure on grounds of human rights infringements.
Porteous said: "Clearly some of the detainees have been mistreated. There have been serious allegations, but there has been no serious
investigation."
Since the facilities were first established
the US has faced calls for its closure
US officials say the new facility is necessary to carry out their mission of holding men the US calls "enemy combatants", but the legal status of Guantanamo's inmates is in doubt.
Porteous said: "The term 'enemy combatant' is dubious at best. It's clearly a device being used to keep these people in a legal black hole."
Human rights groups have pointed to repeated hunger strikes and suicide attempts by inmates as acts of desperation.
Harry Harris, the commander of Guantanamo's Camp 1, described suicides in his camp on June 10 as "an act of asymmetric warfare against us ... not an act of desperation".
"Designed to improve life"
About 100 men who have been cleared for release and are awaiting transfer to another country are among more than 400 currently being held at Guantanamo.
Many are likely to face mistreatment or torture at the hands of their own governments if they return home.
Under international law, the US cannot return them to a country where they will face torture.
Human Rights Watch has suggested a third country should step in to offer asylum.
http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/67D5AA41-7A5D-4DEB-B7D9-40F885967F30.htm
Mina - a willing soldier at age 14
She has led a brigade of 25 soldiers in bloody Maoist attacks across western Nepal, lived rough off the mountains for years - and when the Nepal's elections are held next year, she'll be just old enough to vote.
The case of Mina Sahi, 17, highlights the complicated issue of Maoist child soldiers in Nepal. Unlike some, who were abducted and brainwashed in the ideology, Ms Sahi went willingly and, though she has now left the army, she is still committed to the revolution's goals.
After 10 years of civil war, the Maoist guerrillas signed a comprehensive peace agreement with the Nepalese government on November 21. As part of the agreement, Maoist guerrillas will be confined to new cantonments, or camps, with their arms monitored by the United Nations. The advance UN assessment team will arrive on Monday.
The United Nations special envoy Ian Martin has warned no children will be allowed in the camps, which could seriously deplete the number of Maoist soldiers - affecting the balance of power between the Nepal Army and the Maoists.
No-one knows how many child soldiers are in the People's Liberation Army, but it is estimated to be in the thousands. With many children having no birth certificates, and small physiques the norm, it will be almost impossible to say who is 14 and who is 18. The International Criminal Court states it is a war crime to recruit anyone under 15 or use them in armed conflicts.
http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/mina--a-willing-soldier-at-age-14/2006/12/08/1165081149573.html
She has led a brigade of 25 soldiers in bloody Maoist attacks across western Nepal, lived rough off the mountains for years - and when the Nepal's elections are held next year, she'll be just old enough to vote.
The case of Mina Sahi, 17, highlights the complicated issue of Maoist child soldiers in Nepal. Unlike some, who were abducted and brainwashed in the ideology, Ms Sahi went willingly and, though she has now left the army, she is still committed to the revolution's goals.
After 10 years of civil war, the Maoist guerrillas signed a comprehensive peace agreement with the Nepalese government on November 21. As part of the agreement, Maoist guerrillas will be confined to new cantonments, or camps, with their arms monitored by the United Nations. The advance UN assessment team will arrive on Monday.
The United Nations special envoy Ian Martin has warned no children will be allowed in the camps, which could seriously deplete the number of Maoist soldiers - affecting the balance of power between the Nepal Army and the Maoists.
No-one knows how many child soldiers are in the People's Liberation Army, but it is estimated to be in the thousands. With many children having no birth certificates, and small physiques the norm, it will be almost impossible to say who is 14 and who is 18. The International Criminal Court states it is a war crime to recruit anyone under 15 or use them in armed conflicts.
UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan appealed to all parties in Sudan on Thursday to immediately cease hostilities and stop all attacks against civilians.
In a statement released by his spokesman, Annan said he is deeply concerned about the worsening security situation in Darfur and its consequences for the wider region, including Chad and the Central African Republic.
He appealed to all parties in the strongest terms to immediately cease hostilities and stop all attacks against civilians.
"Those violating international humanitarian law by attacking civilians and relief workers must be held accountable," he stressed.
Annan called upon the Sudanese government to reestablish law and order in the areas under its control, and called on all parties to ensure unimpeded humanitarian access to all those in need.
"The United Nations and the African Union stand ready to provide co-mediation and to extend all necessary support to the urgently needed Darfur-Darfur Dialogue and Consultation," he added.
Source: Xinhua
http://english.people.com.cn/200612/08/eng20061208_329919.html
Hostages 'unconditionally' forgive captors
PA
Published: 08 December 2006
Freed Iraq hostage Norman Kember and two other men held with him today announced that they "unconditionally" forgave their captors and wished them no "retribution".
The peace campaigner, along with his two colleagues and fellow hostages James Loney and Harmeet Singh Sooden, also said they wanted "all possible leniency" shown to the men accused of the crime if they are convicted.
But the three peace campaigners, holding the press conference in London, have still to decide if they will give evidence at the men's trial, set for next year in Iraq's Central Criminal Court.
The joint statement comes after police approached Mr Kember and the other two men and asked if they would give evidence in the court case.
In the statement, the campaigners said: "We unconditionally forgive our captors for abducting and holding us. We have no desire to punish them. Punishment can never restore what was taken from us.
"What our captors did was wrong. They caused us, our families and our friends great suffering.
"Yet we bear no malice towards them and have no wish for retribution.
"Should those who have been charged with holding us hostage be brought to trial and convicted, we ask that they be granted all possible leniency. We categorically lay aside any rights we may have over them."
As kidnapping is a capital offence in Iraq, it is understood the alleged captors could face the death penalty.
It is thought the three campaigners are only likely to give evidence at the trial if they can achieve clemency for the men.
Mr Loney said: "We do not have enough information at this stage to make a decision as to whether we are going to testify or not."
Today is the first time the three men have met up since they were released in March and the meeting has been arranged exactly a year after the captors threatened to kill the hostages unless their demands were met.
Retired Mr Kember was seized during a peace mission to Baghdad, Iraq, on November 26 last year and held for 118 days.
The peace activist was freed on March 23 in a multi-national military operation involving the SAS and other forces.
Mr Kember, 74, from Pinner, north west London, had been visiting the country with Christian Peacemaker Teams, a Canada-based international peace group, and taken hostage with three fellow peace campaigners.
The other men were Canadians Mr Loney and Mr Sooden, and an American, Tom Fox.
Mr Fox was found shot dead in Baghdad in March in the affluent Mansour district.
During today's meeting at St Ethelburga's Centre for Reconciliation in London, Mr Kember and his colleagues said they were "immensely sad" that Mr Fox was not with them.
They added: "It was on this day a year ago that our captors threatened to execute us unless their demands were met.
"This ultimatum, unknown to us at the time, was a source of extreme distress for our families, friends and colleagues.
"We understand a number of men alleged to be our captors have been apprehended, charged with kidnapping, and are facing trial in the Central Criminal Court of Iraq.
"We have been asked by the police in our respective countries to testify in the trial.
"After much reflection upon our traditions, both Sikh and Christian, we are issuing this statement today."
They said the "catastrophic" violence in Iraq was " inextricably linked" to the US-led invasion and occupation.
"As for many others, the actions of our kidnappers were part of a cycle of violence they themselves experienced.
"While this is no way justifies what the men charged with our kidnapping are alleged to have done, we feel this must be considered in any potential judgment," they said.
The statement added that the campaigners "categorically" opposed the death penalty.
They said: "Kidnapping is a capital offence in Iraq and we understand that some of our captors could be sentenced to death.
"The death penalty is an irrevocable judgment. It erases all possibility that those who have harmed others, even seriously, can yet turn to good. We oppose the death penalty."
Mr Kember said the only way he would testify would be to plead for mercy.
He told the press conference: "If it was necessary to take part in a trial to plead for clemency and that was the only way we could come to it, then we would take part, but that would be the only reason to take part."
Neither he or his fellow hostages have seen photographs gathered as evidence against their captors although they know they exist.
Police had offered them a photograph identity parade.
But Mr Kember claimed there is plenty of forensic evidence.
He said: "There is other evidence. There was a fair amount of forensic evidence in the house when we left.
"When I got to the US hospital they stripped me of all my clothes and said that you could get fingerprints off clothes."
Asked if he had been naive to go into the heart of a war zone, Mr Kember replied: "Yes we were naive if Jesus was naive, if Martin Luther King was naive, if Gandhi was naive."
The former hostages said their murdered colleague, Mr Fox, was not far from their thoughts but they could not speak for his family as to whether they agreed with their position against giving evidence.
Suggesting that Mr Fox would have approved, Mr Loney said: "Tom was very clear about his opposition to the death penalty.
"He signed a statement saying that if he was to be murdered that he would not want his murder to be revenged with the death penalty."
Mr Kember praised him as "the most compassionate of the four of us".
He said: "From time to time we would hear explosions, obviously a bomb had been let off in Baghdad. Tom would immediately pray for both the victims and the perpetrator."
The captors stressed their hope that one day some good will come from their ordeal.
In the statement they said: "By this commitment to forgiveness we hope to plant a seed that one day will bear the fruit of healing and reconciliation for us, our captors, the people of Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States and, most of all, Iraq.
"We look forward to the day when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is respected by all the world's people."
The declaration was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948 as a way to try and speak out for those whose human dignity is being violated by torture, arbitrary imprisonment, poverty, racism, oppression or war.
http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article2056358.ece
Journalists being jailed for internet articles
08/12/2006 - 07:06:45
Nearly one third of journalists now serving time in prisons around the world published their work on the internet, the second-largest category behind print journalists, the US committee to protect journalists said today.
The bulk of internet journalists in jail – 49 in total – shows that “authoritarian states are becoming more determined to control the internet,” said Joel Simon, the New York-based group’s executive director.
“It wasn’t so long ago that people were talking about the internet as a new medium that could never be controlled,” he said, adding: “The reality is that governments are now recognising they need to control the internet to control information.”
When Iranian journalist Mojtaba Saminejad was sentenced to two years in prison for insulting his country’s leader, it was not for an article that appeared in a newspaper. His offending story was posted on his personal weblog.
Other noteworthy imprisoned internet journalists include US video blogger Joshua Wolf, who refused to give a grand jury his footage of a 2005 protest against a G-8 economic summit, and China's Shi Tao, who is serving a 10-year sentence for posting online instructions by the government on how to cover the anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown.
http://breakingnews.iol.ie/news/story.asp?j=203656290&p=zx3656996
New Guantanamo prison condemned
The new 178-cell facility is designed to further restrict and isolate prisoners
Human Rights Watch has renewed its calls for the Guantanamo Bay detention facility to be shut down as inmates were being moved to a new maximum-security jail there.
Human rights groups and foreign governments have repeatedly called for the US prison's closure.
But 42 detainees have been moved to a newly-opened $37m facility at the Cuban jail.
Tom Porteous, London director of Human Rights Watch, told Al Jazeera.net such facilities at Guantanamo Bay were "wrong and counter productive".
He said: "These facilities are a stain on the reputation of the US and undermine its international standing."
He said: "Allies of the US clearly believe that Guantanamo is doing the US's reputation a great deal of damage.
"It actually makes it more difficult for them to pursue an effective counter-terrorism strategy."
Prisoners isolated
The concrete-and-steel facility was originally designed as a medium-security prison.
Detainees confined in individual cells will now look out through long, narrow windows on areas with metal tables and stools that were originally intended to be shared living spaces, but which will now be off-limits.
Shower doors have been redesigned so prisoners' hands and feet can be shackled by guards before they leave the stalls.
"Anti-jump" fencing has also been installed along catwalks.
An open-air recreation area has been divided into smaller spaces, which will hold only one detainee at a time.
Guantanamo officials say the 178-cell facility aims to isolate prisoners and reduce their ability to communicate with each other.
Kris Winter, a US Navy commander, said the the modifications will help to protect guards following a clash between detainees and guards in May.
Navy commander Robert Durand said: "The new, climate-controlled camp is designed to improve life for both detainees and the guard force."
Human rights organisations have said that "prolonged periods of isolation constitute cruel and inhumane treatment".
Those in maximum-security facilities are limited to 30 minutes of outdoor exercise time twice a week.
Condemnation
Since prison facilities at Guantanamo Bay were first established, in 2001, the US has faced calls for the camp's closure on grounds of human rights infringements.
Porteous said: "Clearly some of the detainees have been mistreated. There have been serious allegations, but there has been no serious
investigation."
Since the facilities were first established
the US has faced calls for its closure
US officials say the new facility is necessary to carry out their mission of holding men the US calls "enemy combatants", but the legal status of Guantanamo's inmates is in doubt.
Porteous said: "The term 'enemy combatant' is dubious at best. It's clearly a device being used to keep these people in a legal black hole."
Human rights groups have pointed to repeated hunger strikes and suicide attempts by inmates as acts of desperation.
Harry Harris, the commander of Guantanamo's Camp 1, described suicides in his camp on June 10 as "an act of asymmetric warfare against us ... not an act of desperation".
"Designed to improve life"
About 100 men who have been cleared for release and are awaiting transfer to another country are among more than 400 currently being held at Guantanamo.
Many are likely to face mistreatment or torture at the hands of their own governments if they return home.
Under international law, the US cannot return them to a country where they will face torture.
Human Rights Watch has suggested a third country should step in to offer asylum.
http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/67D5AA41-7A5D-4DEB-B7D9-40F885967F30.htm
Mina - a willing soldier at age 14
She has led a brigade of 25 soldiers in bloody Maoist attacks across western Nepal, lived rough off the mountains for years - and when the Nepal's elections are held next year, she'll be just old enough to vote.
The case of Mina Sahi, 17, highlights the complicated issue of Maoist child soldiers in Nepal. Unlike some, who were abducted and brainwashed in the ideology, Ms Sahi went willingly and, though she has now left the army, she is still committed to the revolution's goals.
After 10 years of civil war, the Maoist guerrillas signed a comprehensive peace agreement with the Nepalese government on November 21. As part of the agreement, Maoist guerrillas will be confined to new cantonments, or camps, with their arms monitored by the United Nations. The advance UN assessment team will arrive on Monday.
The United Nations special envoy Ian Martin has warned no children will be allowed in the camps, which could seriously deplete the number of Maoist soldiers - affecting the balance of power between the Nepal Army and the Maoists.
No-one knows how many child soldiers are in the People's Liberation Army, but it is estimated to be in the thousands. With many children having no birth certificates, and small physiques the norm, it will be almost impossible to say who is 14 and who is 18. The International Criminal Court states it is a war crime to recruit anyone under 15 or use them in armed conflicts.
http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/mina--a-willing-soldier-at-age-14/2006/12/08/1165081149573.html
She has led a brigade of 25 soldiers in bloody Maoist attacks across western Nepal, lived rough off the mountains for years - and when the Nepal's elections are held next year, she'll be just old enough to vote.
The case of Mina Sahi, 17, highlights the complicated issue of Maoist child soldiers in Nepal. Unlike some, who were abducted and brainwashed in the ideology, Ms Sahi went willingly and, though she has now left the army, she is still committed to the revolution's goals.
After 10 years of civil war, the Maoist guerrillas signed a comprehensive peace agreement with the Nepalese government on November 21. As part of the agreement, Maoist guerrillas will be confined to new cantonments, or camps, with their arms monitored by the United Nations. The advance UN assessment team will arrive on Monday.
The United Nations special envoy Ian Martin has warned no children will be allowed in the camps, which could seriously deplete the number of Maoist soldiers - affecting the balance of power between the Nepal Army and the Maoists.
No-one knows how many child soldiers are in the People's Liberation Army, but it is estimated to be in the thousands. With many children having no birth certificates, and small physiques the norm, it will be almost impossible to say who is 14 and who is 18. The International Criminal Court states it is a war crime to recruit anyone under 15 or use them in armed conflicts.
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